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Intermediate B1
This intensive course is for language learners striving toward the B1level. The language of instruction is Portuguese. I will speak in English only if needed.
Geared toward Absolute Beginners, this course gives you a solid start and foundation to build upon. The language of instruction is almost entirely in English.
This is an introductory course to the Portuguese language as spoken in Portugal. Throughout the course, we will focus on the Portuguese sound system and basic Portuguese grammar.
You will also learn how to introduce yourself and day-to-day, useful phrases. Finally, we will discuss learning resources and strategies to support your learning journey.
After the course, you will have a basic understanding of European Portuguese pronunciation and grammar. You will also be capable of engaging in simple, short oral interactions. Last but not least, you will be aware of a variety of learning resources and strategies to help you succeed at learning the language.
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Beginners A2
This intensive course is for language learners striving toward the A2 level. The language of instruction is English/Portuguese, typically in a 35/65 ratio.
This intensive course is for language learners striving toward the A1level. The language of instruction is English/Portuguese, typically in a 70/30 ratio.
If you've just started your learning journey, it may be that you will find this course a bit challenging. Nothing wrong with that.
However, if you think you'd have trouble coping with a challenging learning environment, consider enrolling for the Clean Slate A0 instead (if available).
In general, prepositions have an infamous reputation among language learners. Judging by all the whining and moaning I’ve heard from students throughout the years, Portuguese prepositions are definitely not the exception.
Let’s take a glance at the five most important prepositions in Portuguese. Since they are the prepositional bread & butter of Portuguese, I call them the “Big Five.”
Portuguese Prepositions – Usage Summary
1
Em Primarily a preposition of place
Ela vive em Itália. She lives in Italy.
2
De Often used as a preposition of origin
Eu sou de Portugal. I come from Portugal.
3
A Primarily a preposition of movement
O Carlos vai a Lisboa. Carlos is going to Lisbon.
4
Para Indicates movement with an emphasis on direction and destination
Este autocarro vai para Londres. This bus is going to London.
5
Por Suggests a passing-by motion and itinerary
Podes passar por minha casa mais trade? Can you stop by my house later on?
Contractions
With the exception of para, all these prepositions will merge with articles or/and demonstratives. Let’s take a quick look at these contractions.
Em
definite articles
o
a
os
as
contracted forms
no (em + o)
na (em + a)
nos (em + os)
nas (em + as)
indefinite articles
um
uma
uns
umas
contracted forms
num (em + um)
numa (em + uma)
nuns (em + uns)
numas (em + umas)
this
isto (neuter)
este/s
esta/s
contracted forms
nisto (em + isto)
neste/s (em + este/s)
nesta/s (em + esta/s)
that
isso (neuter)
esse/s
essa/s
contracted forms
nisso (em + isso)
nesse/s (em + esse/s)
nessa/s (em + essa/s)
that over there
aquilo (neuter)
aquele/s
aquela/s
contracted forms
naquilo (em + aquilo)
naquele/s (em + aquele/s)
naquela/s (em + aquela/s)
De
definite articles
o
a
os
as
contracted forms
do (de + o)
da (de + a)
dos (de + os)
das (de + as)
indefinite articles
um
uma
uns
umas
contracted forms
dum (de + um)
duma (de + uma)
duns (de + uns)
dumas (de + umas)
this
isto
este/s
esta/s
contracted forms
disto (de + isto)
deste/s (de + este/s)
desta/s (de + esta/s)
that
isso
esse/s
essa/s
contracted forms
disso (de + isso)
desse/s (de + esse/s)
dessa/s (de + essa/s)
that over there
aquilo
aquele/s
aquela/s
contracted forms
daquilo (de + aquilo)
daquele/s (de + aquele/s)
daquela/s (de + aquela/s)
A
definite articles
o
a
os
as
contracted forms
ao (a + o)
à (a + a)
aos (a + os)
às (a + as)
that over there
aquilo
aquele/s
aquela/s
contracted forms
àquilo (a + aquilo)
àquele/s (a + aquele/s)
àquela/s (a + aquela/s)
Por
definite articles
o
a
os
as
contracted forms
pelo (por + o)
pela (por + a)
pelos (por + os)
pelas (por + as)
Now, what I’ve shown you thus far is an oversimplified summary – prepositions are multifaceted concerning their usage and highly prone to contextual subtleties.
If you want to dive deeper into it, I invite you to take a look at my in-depth course on Portuguese prepositions: The Big 5.
In what follows, we’ll go through each of these five prepositions in more detail. Besides delving into their usage, we’ll look into their contractions (with other word classes) as well as their pairing with verbs and question words.
! Note that prepositional usage varies slightly between the different standards of Portuguese. All usage examples in this article conform to European Portuguese. Learn more about these and other differences between the two most established Portuguese standards: European vs. Brazilian Portuguese – how different are they really?
What’s a preposition (and why are they tricky)?
What are they for?
Prepositions are either single words or groups of words that we use to show a relationship in space, time, or logic between two or more people, places, or things. Most commonly, prepositions appear in front of a noun phrase or pronoun.
Here’s a more prosaic definition: prepositions are lubricating agents that help articulate the different components of a sentence, thus making the latter more intelligible and easier to follow.
Take the following example, first without and then with the prepositions in place:
(1) I go work the morning. (2) I go to work in the morning.
While you still may be able to make out the first sentence (if you put little effort into it), the second – with the preposition to giving a sense of direction and in situating the action in time – is much more assertive, clear, and easy to follow.
As to why preposition usage is normally perceived as “slippery”, there are different factors at play.
Why are they elusive?
Let’s start by noting that prepositions only pain those dealing with learning a second language. Native speakers couldn’t care less. They just get it right without ever needing to develop a conceptual understanding of it – much like we innocently breathe in and out without ever thinking about the labor going on in our lungs and diaphragm as we do it.
Here are some reasons why prepositions can baffle language learners.
Ambivalence
Prepositions are not black-and-white. As we’ll see in a moment, it is not unusual that, depending on the context, the same preposition can refer to either time, movement, place, or something else.
For example, in the sentence, I am going to London to visit my cousin, the first and second to are denoting different things, namely indicating direction and purpose respectively. Portuguese prepositions, too, are ambiguous in this way, which often disconcerts language learners.
Subtle nuances
Often, different prepositions are used in very similar ways. Consider for instance the following sentences:
I am at the station vs. I am by the station
I am working on it vs. I am working at it
Let’s look at this vs. Let’s look into this
He came to me vs. He came at me
This is relevant to me vs. This is relevant for me
While there’s surely a difference in the paired sentences above, that difference can be quite subtle. Those subtleties may not be that easy to grasp by those learning a second language.
In the prepositions that we are about to explore, there’s also a fair amount of nuance.
Capricious behavior
More often than not, prepositional usage stays out of logical realms. Much to the misfortune of language learners, prepositions often behave whimsically.
Think about it. Why do we say I am on the train, I am on the bus, I am on the plane, but I am in the car? Or why do we look to the right butwe look at the sky? Portuguese prepositions are no better.
No one-to-one English-Portuguese prepositional bonding
Attention all English native speakers! There surely isn’t a one-to-one relationship between Portuguese and English prepositions. Depending on the context, the same Portuguese preposition can correspond to two or more English prepositions. And vice versa.
Additionally, there are situations where one language calls to a preposition while the other does well without any.
Contractions
Unlike in English, Portuguese prepositions are highly contractible and they are therefore likely to merge with other words surrounding them, namely determiners*. This means that you’ve got to keep track of not only the preposition itself (in its plain form) but also of its derivatives (merged forms).
* Speaking of determiners. These are words such as articles, demonstratives, and possessives among others. They normally come right before a noun specifying both its gender and number. Learn more about gender and number in Portuguese, and how determiners change their endings to conform to it:
In sum, prepositions are somehow messy and demand generous doses of exposure to your target language until they become second nature to you.
While this article is no replacement for that exposure, it can bring you conceptual clarity about preposition usage in Portuguese. In that sense, it offers you a solid foundation to build upon.
Read on.
Portuguese preposition em
Em is best known for being a preposition of place. However, as we’ll see further below, we also use em to indicate time. In English, em can correspond to either in, on, or at depending on the situation.
Before we delve into em’s usage, let’s look into its contracted forms.
Contractions
More often than not, the preposition em merges with other word classes. For instance, articles and demonstratives will frequently merge with it.
Let’s take a closer look at it to see what these contracted forms look like.
With articles
By default, the preposition em contracts with the articles, definite and indefinite, following it:
definite articles
o
a
os
as
contracted forms
no (em + o)
na (em + a)
nos (em + os)
nas (em + as)
indefinite articles
um
uma
uns
umas
contracted forms
num (em + um)
numa (em + uma)
nuns (em + uns)
numas (em + umas)
With demonstratives
Additionally, the preposition em melts into a contracted form with demonstrative pronouns* following it:
We use em as a preposition of place and, depending on the situation, it can correspond to either the English preposition in, on, or at. Here’re a few examples:
Estou a viver em Londres. I am living in London.
Estou a morar na Suécia. (a Suécia) I am living in Sweden.
The above sentences illustrate a pattern that all beginners, sooner or later, come across. So, we normally use the plain form em when we talk about cities, whereas we tend to use the contracted form when referring to countries.
See, city names in Portuguese are normally gender-neutral, whereas countries tend to be either masculine or feminine. As always, there are a few exceptions:
Estou a viver no Rio de Janeiro. (o Rio de Janeiro) I am living in Rio de Janeiro.
Estou a morar em Portugal. I am living in Portugal.
Let’s take a few more examples:
Ela já está no comboio. She’s already on the train.
Vivo numa pequena cidade. I live in a small city.
Eles estão na casa de verão. They are at the summer house.
But, we use the plain form when casa means home:
Eles estão em casa. They are at home.
Here’re a couple of sentences where em contracts with demonstratives:
Ela gosta mais de se sentar nessa cadeira. She prefers to sit on that chair.
Fui muito feliz nesta cidade. I was very happy in this city.
Time
We also use em to indicate time, for instance when mentioning the year, season, month, or a specific date. Let’s look at the following dialogue where someone is waking up from a long coma:
– Em que ano estamos? (Which year are we in?) – Em 2020, claro. (In 2020, of course.) – E em que mês?(And in which month?) – Estamos em outubro. (We’re in October.) – Então estamos no outono. (Then we’re in autumn.) – Sim, certo. (That’s right.) – Já estamos no Natal? (Are we already at Christmas?) – Não, o Natal é só em dezembro. (No, Christmas is only in December.)
Additionally, we use em right before the weekdays when referring to non-recurring events:
Na segunda tenho uma reunião de trabalho. On Monday (this Monday) I have a work meeting.
Neste sábado vou jogar futebol. This Saturday I am playing soccer.
If we mean recurring events, though, we use the preposition a instead:
Às segundas costumo ter uma reunião de trabalho. On Mondays, I normally have a work meeting.
We’ll soon be looking at the preposition a. As for now, let’s resume this em-journey.
Verbs followed by em
Here’re a few commonly used verbs often followed by the preposition em:
Morar/viver Live
Nós moramosno Brasil. We live in Brazil.
Sentar-se Sit
O Carlos senta-sena cadeira. Carlos sits on the chair.
Deitar Pour
A Ana deita a água no tacho. Ana pours the water into the pot.
Entrar Come in
Nós entramos no restaurante e estava vazio. We came into the restaurant and it was empty.
Pensar Think
Penso muito em ti. I think a lot about you.
Hesitar Hesitate
Não hesites em contactar-me! Never hesitate to contact me!
Question words preceded by em
The question word * que is often preceded by em: em que … ? – thus hinting at either place or time:
Em que comboio estás? Which train are you on?
Em que empresa trabalhas? What company are you working for?
Em que ano é que te casaste? What was the year you got married?
The preposition de indicates origin. Additionally, we use de to modify a noun as well as in genitive constructions. In English, de often corresponds to the prepositions from and of.
Contractions
Like em, the preposition de merges with determiners, mostly articles and demonstratives. Let’s take a look at its contracted forms.
With articles
By default, the preposition de contracts with the articles following it:
definite articles
o
a
os
as
contracted forms
do (de + o)
da (de + a)
dos (de + os)
das (de + as)
indefinite articles
um
uma
uns
umas
contracted forms
dum (de + um)
duma (de + uma)
duns (de + uns)
dumas (de + umas)
When in the vicinity of indefinite articles, the use of its plain form is also common. Thus, we often say and write de um instead of dum, or de uma instead of duma.
With demonstratives
Additionally, de often precedes demonstrative determiners melting with them in a contracted form:
this
isto
este/s
esta/s
contracted forms
disto (de + isto)
deste/s (de + este/s)
desta/s (de + esta/s)
that
isso
esse/s
essa/s
contracted forms
disso (de + isso)
desse/s (de + esse/s)
dessa/s (de + essa/s)
that over there
aquilo
aquele/s
aquela/s
contracted forms
daquilo (de + aquilo)
daquele/s (de + aquele/s)
daquela/s (de + aquela/s)
Other common contractions
other
outro/s
outra/s
contracted forms
doutro/s (de + outro/s)
doutra/s (de + outra/s)
some
algum/alguns
alguma/s
contracted forms
dalgum/dalguns (de + algum)
dalguma/s (de + alguma)
someone
alguém
contracted forms
dalguém (em + alguém)
here/there
aqui
aí
contracted forms
daqui (em + aqui)
daí (de + aí)
he/she/they
ele/s
ela/s
contracted forms
dele/s (de + ele/s)
dela/s (de + ela/s)
where
onde
contracted forms
donde (de + onde)
before
antes
contracted forms
dantes (de + antes)
Usage
Origin
We use de to denote origin much as we say from in English. Here’re a few examples:
Eu venho da Índia. I come from India.
Ela é do norte de Portugal. She’s from the north of Portugal.
Possession
We use de in genitive constructions, namely to indicate possession. In English, in analogous situations, we’d use the possessive suffix –’s:
Aquele é o carro do Pedro. That one over there is Pedro’s car.
Esta é a casa da Gabriela. This is Gabriela’s house.
Articulator (modifier)
What’s more, we use de to articulate two nouns, or a noun and a verb – the second modifying the first. In this case, de always appears in its plain form:
Um copodeágua(a water glass)
Uma máquinadecoser(a sewing machine)
Uma mesademadeira (wooden table)
Uma casadepedra(stone house)
Uma colmeiadelobos(a wolf pack)
. . .
Note that even in English, we often use a similar structure to Portuguese, in that case by using the preposition of, for instance, a house made of stone or apack of wolves.
Time
We also use de to denote time. For example, we use it specifically to refer to mornings:
Demanhã acordo sempre às 9h. Inthe morning, I always get up at 9 am.
As you’ll see further down, we use the preposition a to mention the other parts of the day. However, we always use de when we locate time in one part of the day:
As aulas começam às 9 damanhã e acabam às 5 datarde. Classes start at 9 in the morning and finish at 5 in the afternoon.
The days, months, and years are also articulated by de when we say the date:
Hoje é 18 de Novembro de 2020. Today is the 18th of November 2020.
Finally, we say de to denote the beginning of a period of time (and the preposition a to indicate the end):
Eu trabalho de segunda a sexta. I work from Monday to Friday.
Means of transport
We say de (plain form) to talk about means of transport in general, much like we say by in English:
voupara o trabalho de carro (I’ll go to work by car)
… de comboio (…by train)
… de autocarro (… by bus)
But
a cavalo(on horseback)
a pé (by foot)
Also, we say em, not de, when we mention specifically which train or bus we mean:
vou para o trabalho no comboio das 7h (I’ll go to work on the 7 am train)
… no autocarro 32 (… on bus 32)
Verbs followed by de
Here are a few verbs often followed by the preposition de:
Gostar
The verb gostar (like) is always followed by de:
Eu gostode chocolate, e tu? I like chocolate, what about you?
Gostasdisto? Do you like this?
Ter
The verb ter followed by de corresponds to the English modal* verb must:
This verb followed by de means need to (otherwise it only means to be precise):
Ela precisou de levantar dinheiro. She needed to withdraw cash.
Precisas de praticar mais Português. You need to practice more Portuguese.
A few more verbs:
Falar Talk
Estavam a falar de mim? Were you talking about me?
Mudar Change
Quero mudar de ares. I want a change of scene.
Sair Leave/go out
A que horas sais do escritorio? What time do you leave the office?
Vir/ chegar Come / arrive
Vim agora da casa da Filipa. I just came from Filipa’s.
Lembrar-se Remember
Não te lembras de mim? Don’t you remember me?
Acabar Finish (in the past tense, it can also mean “just”)
Ele acaboude comer foi para a cama. He finished eating and went to bed.
Ela acabou de sair. She just left.
Question words preceded by de
The questions words onde, quem, que, and quando are sometimes preceded by de:
De onde Where from
De onde és? Where do you come from?
De quem Whom, who
De quem é este caderno? Who does this notebook belong to?
De que What, from what
De que país é ele? What’s his home country?
De quando How old, from which year/month
De quando é este carro? How old is this car?
Portuguese preposition a
The preposition a most commonly denotes movement, although it is also used as a preposition of time and place. In English, depending on the situation, it corresponds to either to, on, or at.
Contractions
The preposition a combines with fewer determiners than the previous two, that is, only definite articles and demonstratives starting with the letter a.
With articles
The preposition a will contract with definite articles only:
definite articles
o
a
os
as
contracted forms
ao (a + o)
à (a + a)
aos (a + os)
às (a + as)
With demonstratives
Additionally, a only contracts with the following demonstratives:
that over there
aquilo
aquele/s
aquela/s
contracted forms
àquilo (a + aquilo)
àquele/s (a + aquele/s)
àquela/s (a + aquela/s)
Usage
Movement
We use a as a preposition of movement and, in that case, it most likely corresponds to to. Here are a few examples:
Eles foram à praia. They went tothe beach.
Ela foi ao restaurante para almoçar. She went to the restaurant to have lunch.
Time
Much like the English at, we also use a to say the hours:
A aula começa às 9 e acaba às 10 horas da manhã. The lecture starts at 9 am and ends at 10 am.
Acabamos de conversar ao meio-dia. We were done chatting at midday.
What’s more, we use a to refer to the parts of the day:
À tarde vou encontrar-me com o Miguel. I will meet Miguel in theafternoon.
Hoje à noite há cinema. We’re going to the cinema tonight.
But, and as we’ve seen before (under de-usage),
De manhã costumo ficar em casa. I usually stay home in the mornings.
Additionally, we use a to talk about recurring events in conjunction with the days of the week:
O Vitor tem aula de Inglês à quarta-feira. Vitor has English class on Wednesdays.
However, we use em if we mean a one-off event:
O Vitor tem uma aula de Inglês na quarta-feira. Vitor has an English class this Wednesday.
Finally, we use a to indicate the end of a time period (and de to indicate its beginning):
Eu trabalho de segunda a sexta. I work from Monday to Friday.
Tu trabalhas das 8 horas às 17 horas. You work from 8 am to 5 pm.
Place
Lastly, we use a to indicate proximity to someone or something:
Está alguém à porta. There’s someone at the door.
Porquê é que estás sempre à janela? Why are you always at the window?
Verbs followed by a
A handful of Portuguese auxiliary verbs are followed by the preposition a:
Estar Be
Estoua gostar disto. I am enjoying this.
Começar Start
Agora começoa perceber. Now, I start to understand.
Aprender Learn
Vou aprender a falar russo. I will learn to speak Russian.
Ajudar Help
Ele ajudou-me a construir a casa. He helped me to build my house.
Andar* Walk
Ando a frequentar aulas de Chinês. I have been taking Chinese classes.
*in the quality of an auxiliary verb, “andar” only works as a grammatical marker indicating a certain time-flow quality and without any semantic value.
Other verbs (in the quality of the main verb) often followed by a:
Chegar Arrive / come
Ela já chegou a Lisboa? Has she already arrived in Lisbon?
Assistir Watch (live)
Vou assistir a um jogo de futebol. I will watch a soccer match.
Ir Go
Foste ao Brasil? Did you go to Brazil?
Voltar Return / come back
Quando voltas a Portugal? When do you return to Portugal?
Agradecer Thank
Agradece ao Sr António. Say thanks to Mr. António.
Pedir Ask
Pede à Gabriela para vir aqui. Ask Gabriela to come here.
Pagar Pay
Já pagaste a hipoteca ao banco? Have you already paid your mortgage to the bank?
Reponder Reply
Ainda não respondeste à Isabel? Haven’t you replied to Isabel yet?
Suceder Succeed
Quem sucedeu ao trono? Who succeeded the throne?
Adverbial phrases with a
Here’re a few widely used adverbial phrases with a:
às vezes sometimes
à deriva adrift
à sorte / à toa at random
à espera waiting
até às tantas until late in the night
às tantas / às duas por três maybe (surprisingly)
a pé by foot
à mão by hand
à pressa in a rush
às ordens (de alguém) at (someone’s ) command
à nora clueless
à moda de according to (a tradition or style)
à francesa French style à inglesa English style à portuguesa Portuguese style. . .
à maluca in a crazy, unfettered manner
a torto e a direito haphazardly
à grande e à francesa lavishly
às cegas blindly
à vontade comfortably
Question words preceded by a
The question words quem, que, quando,and como are sometimes preceded by a. A few examples:
A quem To whom, who
A quem vais dar a prenda? Who are you giving the present to?
A que To which
A que restaurante foste? To which restaurant did you go?
A quanto é/são A como é/são How much
A quanto são as batatas? How much do you sell the potatoes for? (per kg)
Portuguese preposition para
Like the preposition a, we often use para to indicate movement. With para, however, the sense of direction and final destination is more strongly marked.
Besides movement, we use para to indicate purpose and to refer to the time ahead. In English, para often corresponds to either to or for.
What’s more, para is the only preposition of the Big Five thatwon’t merge with determiners. Thus, we’ll jump straight to the usage examples:
Usage
Movement > direction and destination
We use para to denote both direction and final destination:
Ele virou-se para mim. He turned to me.
Este comboio vai para Lisboa. This train is going to Lisbon.
Para vs. a > long vs. short stay
Language learners often struggle to discern between the prepositions a and para – either indicates a movement towards a destination or point. There’s a difference, however.
While a suggests a kind of a round-trip with a short stay at the implied destination, para suggests more of a one-way motion, thus implying a longer stay at the place of arrival. Let’s understand this better through a few concrete examples:
O Luís foi à Madeira passar o fim de semana. Luís went to Madeira for the weekend.
But,
O Luís foi viver para a Madeira. Luis went to Madeira to live there.
Let’s look at another example on a different time scale:
A Matilde saiu de casa às 9h e foi para o teatro. Matilde left home at 9 am and went to the theatre. (She works there.)
But,
Ontem a Matilde foi ao teatro. Yesterday, Matilde went tothe theatre. (She went there to watch a play.)
Purpose
We use para to denote intention and purpose:
Ela saiu para ir ao banco. She left to go to the bank.
Ele está a aprender Inglês para poder viajar pelo mundo. He’s learning English so that he can travel the world.
Recipient
Also, we say para to refer to a recipient:
Isto é para ti! This is for you.
Aqueles morangos ali são para o Carlos. Those strawberries over there are for Carlos.
Time
Finally, we use para to indicate the time ahead:
Até para a semana. I will see you next week.
Para o ano que vem vou à Colômbia. Next year I will go to Colombia.
Vou marcar uma consulta para as 17 horas. I will book an appointment with the doctor at 5 pm.
São 20 para as 18 horas. It’s 20 to 6 pm.
Verbs followed by para
Some verbs are often followed by para. Typically, these are verbs implying either movement, direction, or purpose:
Ir Go
Vais para Lisboa? Are you going to Lisbon?
Voltar Return/come back
Quando voltas para o Porto? When are you coming back to Porto?
Vir Come
Ela vem para Portugal. She comes to Portugal.
Chegar Arrive/come
Ele chegou para ficar. He came to stay.
Olhar Look
Olha para mim! Look at me!
Pedir Ask
Pedi à Joana para me dar uma ajuda. I asked Joana to give me a hand.
Question words preceded by para
The question words quem, que, onde, and quando are sometimes preceded by para. A few examples:
Para quem To whom, who
Para quem é o livro? Who is this book for?
Para que Why
Para que precisas disto? Why do you need this?
Para quando When
Para quando quer o fato? When do you need the suit to be ready?
Para onde Where
Para onde vai? Where are you going?
Portuguese preposition por
We often use por as a preposition of movement to denote an “on-the-go” motion. In English, por often becomes by or through.
Let’s take a look into por’s contracted forms.
Contractions
The preposition por only combines with the definite articles:
definite articles
o
a
os
as
contracted forms
pelo (por + o)
pela (por + a)
pelos (por + os)
pelas (por + as)
Usage
Movement > on the go
We use por as a preposition of movement to indicate passage, that is, an on-the-go transitory state. Here are a few examples:
Podes passar pelo supermercado? Can you drop bythe supermarket?
Hoje à tarde passei pela Catarina mas ela não me viu! This afternoon I passed by Catarina but she didn’t notice me!
Movement > itinerary
We also use por when we talk about a route or itinerary:
Vai por aqui, é mais perto. Go this way, it’s closer.
Ele foi pela estrada velha. He took the old road.
Reading tips! Many language learners struggle to discern between por and para, especially when they both are being used in the quality of preposition of movement. Is that you? Here’s a spot-on read: Portuguese Prepositions “Para” vs. “Por” – When to Use Either.
Place > vague, faraway, and unknown
Also, we use por to refer to people being at some distant place without really knowing their detailed whereabouts. In other words, it implies spatial vagueness. From the speaker’s side, it can also convey a sense of unfamiliarity/abstraction with the place in point:
Ele está a viajar pela Ásia. He’s travelling around Asia.
Ela está lá pela Índia. She is somewhere in India.
Time > approximation
What’s more, we use por to indicate vicinity (timewise):
Eles chegam hoje pelas 15h. They arrive today around 3 pm.
Time > duration
We also use por to refer to a time period:
Ela vai ficar na Índia por um mês. He’s staying in India for a month.
Verbs followed by por
We often use the following verbs in conjunction with the preposition por:
Passar Pass by
Passas cá por casa? Are you dropping by my place?
Ir Go
Vou por este caminho. I am following this path.
Voltar Return / come back
Desta vez vou voltar por Lisboa. This time around I will return via Lisbon.
Vir Come
Vens pela ponte? Are you taking the bridge?
Question words preceded by por
The question words onde and quanto can sometimes be preceded by por:
Por onde Where to go
Por onde é o caminho? What’s the way?
Por quanto How much
Por quanto vende estas flores? How much do you want for these flowers?
Beyond the Big Five
There are, of course, other commonly used Portuguese prepositions other than em, de, a, para and por. Let’s take a look at some of them.
Single-word prepositions
com with
sob under
conforme according to
sem without
sobre over, about
segundo according to
após after
desde from
salvo, exceto except
até until
durante during
contra against
perante in the presence of, before
entre between
Prepositional phrases
em vez de in place of, instead
de acordo com in accordance with, accordingly
abaixo de below
apesar de despite, in spite of
através de through
em abaixo de under
a fim de in order to
graças a thanks to
acima de above
antes de before
junto a, perto de, próximo de, ao pé de next to, near, close to
em cima de on, over
depois de after
longe de away from
ao lado de next to
diante de before, in front of
em frente de in front of
ao longo de along, throughout
além de beyond
atrás de behind
por entre through
em torno de, em redor de, por volta de around
dentro de inside, in
acerca de concerning, about
fora de outside
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